THE STATE OF
DOPAMINE MARKETS

"The desire to speculate is as old as markets themselves." — Charles Kindleberger

Retail Volume
37%
▲ 210% since 2019
Margin Debt
$1.23T
▲ Near All-Time High
Zero Day Options
47%
▲ of Total Option Vol
Retail % of Total Equity Volume (2015-2024)
Source: Cboe, MEMX, NYSE, Public.com

0DTE Options Volume Growth (2019-2024)

Crypto Retail Trading Volume & Users

US Sports Betting Handle & Revenue

FINRA Margin Debt Levels (2016-2025)
Crypto Perpetuals Quarterly Volume
Memecoin Market Capitalization
WallStreetBets Subscriber Growth
Prediction Markets Weekly Volume

Data Sources: FINRA, Cboe, CoinGecko, Legal Sports Report, DefiRate, SubredditStats
All data verified from public sources • Last updated January 28, 2026